Effects of Antithymocyte Globulin, Basiliximab, and Induction-Free Treatment in Living Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients on Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppression.

OBJECTIVES: Induction treatment in renal transplant is associated with better graft survival. However, intensified immunosuppression is known to cause unwanted side effects such as infection and malignancy. Furthermore, the effects of the routine use of immunosuppressants in low-risk kidney transplant recipients are still not clear. In this study, we assessed the first-year safety and efficacy of induction treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined first living donor kidney transplant patients who were on tacrolimus based immunosuppression therapy. We formed 3 groups according to the induction status: antithymocyte globulin induction, basiliximab induction, and no induction. We collected outcome data on delayed graft function, graft loss, creatinine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rates, acute rejection episodes, hospitalization episodes, and infection episodes, including cytomegalovirus infection and bacterial infections. RESULTS: We examined a total of 126 patients (age 35 ± 12 years; 65% male). Of them, 25 received antithymocyte globulin, 52 received basiliximab, and 49 did notreceive any induction treatment. We did not observe any statistically significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of acute rejection episodes, delayed graft function, and first-year graft loss. The estimated glomerular filtration rates were similar among the groups. Overall bacterial infectious complications and cytomegalovirus infection showed similar prevalence among all groups. Hospitalization was less common in the induction-free group. CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk patients, induction-free regimens could be associated with a better safety profile without compromising graft survival. Therefore, induction treatment may be disregarded in first living donor transplant patients who receive tacrolimusbased triple immunosuppression treatment.

Sarcopenia, an overlooked diagnosis in kidney transplant recipients.

Most studies of sarcopenia in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have been hampered by a lack of standardization in the definitions of sarcopenia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and the associated factors in RTRs using the recently proposed criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2018 (EWGSOP2), which included a standardized definition of sarcopenia. We examined 93 consecutive adult RTRs, 46 chronic kidney disease patients, and 46 healthy controls. We assessed the muscle strength with a hand grip test using a dynamometer and with a chair stand test. We used bioimpedance analysis to estimate appendicular skeletal mass using the Sergi formula. Finally, we conducted a 2-minute walking test to assess endurance. Sarcopenia and probable sarcopenia were determined according to the revised criteria of the EWGSOP2. Probable sarcopenia was found in 29 RTR patients (31.2%), of them 14 (15.1%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that presence of diabetes mellitus, increased uric acid level, and statin use were risk factors for probable sarcopenia. On the other hand, longer dialysis vintage was a risk factor for sarcopenia in RTRs. We found that probable sarcopenia and sarcopenia were highly prevalent in our relatively young RTRs. We recommend active screening for the presence of sarcopenia in RTRs, especially in the cadaveric ones. Furthermore, caution seems warranted regarding the myopathic side effects in RTRs who use statins.

Relationship between disease awareness and severity of kidney disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is responsible for 5%-10% of end-stage renal disease. We examined the relationship between renal and extrarenal findings, disease severity, and the level of consciousness of PKD patients. METHODS: Patients were asked to answer the questionnaire about PKD. Disease severity was determined according to estimated glomerular filtration rate, and disease awareness was assessed by adapting the Disease Perception Scale to PKD. Awareness of patients was evaluated comparatively with chronic kidney disease stage, age, region, and symptoms. RESULTS: One out of five patients does not know that this disease is inherited. Mean awareness scores of the patients decreased significantly with increasing age. Awareness scores were significantly higher in patients with flank pain, hematuria, and urinary tract stones. CONCLUSION: Although PKD is the most common hereditary kidney disease, the rate of patients' knowledge on this subject is low. Increased awareness might lead to better treatment in those patients.

A Fabry Disease Patient Who Developed Hypersensitivity Reaction against Agalsidase Beta following COVID-19 Infection.

Fabry disease (FD) is a rare, X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder, characterized by the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) due to the deficiency or absence of alpha-galactosidase A. Due to the accumulation of Gb3, cardiac, renal, neurological, and skin manifestations can be observed. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with agalsidase alfa or agalsidase beta is the cornerstone in the management of FD. Both enzymes are clinically effective and widely used. In this study, we present a 19-year-old male patient with FD who had received ERT for almost two and half years without any complications. In January 2021, he was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. Later, he developed an infusion reaction during his first ERT infusion following the resolution of COVID-19 infection. The patient experienced shortness of breath, shivering, and rash. Despite decreased infusion rate and premedication in repetitive infusion, his symptoms were not resolved. Subsequently, he developed an IgE antibody against agalsidase beta, and his skin prick test was positive. Since IgG positivity against agalsidase beta was also detected, agalsidase beta was replaced with agalsidase alfa. The patient did not experience any allergic reaction with agalsidase alfa. Moderate to severe allergic reactions during ERT infusion should be alarming for IgE development. Furthermore, COVID-19 should be considered a trigger for allergic reaction against ERT in patients with FD.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Fabry Disease Patients: an examination of Mood Status, Therapy Adherence, and COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare metabolic disorder, in which a lifelong enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) constitutes the cornerstone of disease-specific therapy. In this study, we examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures on the management of FD patients. METHODS: We collected data in three main domains; mood status, adherence to ERT, and COVID-19 infection. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to evaluate the mood statuses of FD patients and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) and the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS) to assess patients' adherence to non-disease specific therapy. We also examined a control group to compare the mood status data. RESULTS: A total of 67 FD patients (males: 47.8%, mean age: 37.0 years) were recruited to the study, of which 58 were receiving ERT. Both the HADS depression and anxiety scores were higher in the control group compared to FD patients. During the first wave of the pandemic, 25 patients reported to have missed an infusion for a mean of 2.3 ± 1.7 doses and half of the patients had adopted a home-based infusion treatment regimen. COVID-19 infection developed in 25 patients, of which one died. The majority of our patients (71.6%) have had at least one shot of the vaccine. CONCLUSION: We found that FD patients were more resilient to the negative psychological effects of lockdown. Traumatic growth may be an important factor in explaining this finding. Government-supported home therapy programs might be beneficial for FD patients to increase the therapy adherence.

Pasireotide treatment in Cushing's disease: A single tertiary center's experience.

BACKGROUND: Patients who were followed up for CD and treated with pasireotide between 2014-2020 at Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, were evaluated retrospectively. The efficacy and adverse effects of pasireotide were evaluated in this study. METHODS: Thirty-two patients were evaluated. The mean duration of treatment was 26.5 [range, 12.0-37.0] months. The 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC) decreased 46% during the treatment and normalized in 37.5% of patients. A significant decrement was found between pretreatment and last follow-up UFC (p = 0.001). Plasma ACTH decreased by 21%. A significant decrement was found between pre-treatment and the 3rd month, 6th month, and last follow-up ACTH levels (p = 0.014, p = 0.017, and p = 0.017, respectively). Serum cortisol levels decreased by 18% and a significant decrement was found between pretreatment and the 3rd month, and between pretreatment and the last follow-up (p = 0.034 and p = 0.013, respectively). While fasting blood glucose at the 3rd month was significantly higher than pretreatment fasting blood glucose, no significant difference was found between pretreatment fasting blood glucose and 6th month and last follow-up fasting blood glucose. Although there was a significant difference between pretreatment HbA1c levels and the HbA1c levels at the 3rd month (5.9% vs. 6.6% p = 0.007), 6th month (5.9% vs. 6.7% p = 0.003), and the last follow-up (5.9% vs. 7.1% p = 0.001), in the last follow-up, the majority (77%) of patients had adequate glycemic control (HbA1c ≤ 7.0 %). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. DISCUSSION: Pasireotide treatment is an alternative treatment in CD, remission is obtained in the first months of treatment, and continues for an extended period. Although hyperglycemia is the most common adverse effect, it can be successfully controlled.

To what extent can we achieve mineral bone metabolism treatment targets suggested by the KDIGO guidelines among chronic kidney disease stage 3 - 5 non-dialysis patients?

INTRODUCTION: Real-life data on the predialysis management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is scarce. In this study, our aim was to investigate the current clinical practice and compliance among nephrologists with the KDIGO chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, we recruited stage 3 - 5 non-dialysis (ND) CKD patients and recorded the data related to CKD-MBD from two consecutive outpatient clinical visits 3 - 6 months apart. We calculated the therapeutic inertia for hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypovitaminosis D, in addition to overtreatment for hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and hypervitaminosis D. RESULTS: We examined a total of 302 patients (male: 48.7%, median age: 67 years). The persistence of low 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels was the most common laboratory abnormality related to CKD-MBD (61.7%), followed by hyperparathyroidism (14.8%), hyperphosphatemia (7.9%), and hypocalcemia (0.0%). According to our results, therapeutic inertia seems to be a more common problem than overtreatment for all the CKD-MBD laboratory parameters that we examined. Therapeutic inertia frequency was highest for hypovitaminosis D (81.1%), followed by hypocalcemia (75.0%), hyperparathyroidism (59.0%), and hyperphosphatemia (30.4%). CONCLUSION: We concluded that CKD-MBD is not optimally managed in CKD stage 3 - 5 ND patients. Clinicians should have an active attitude regarding the correction of MBD even at the earlier stages of CKD.

Coronary artery calcification progression and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in renal transplant recipients: an analysis by the joint model.

BACKGROUND: Compared with the general population, the risk of death is substantially higher in renal transplant recipients than in age- and sex-matched individuals in the general population. In the general population, coronary artery calcification (CAC) predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In this study we aimed to analyse these relationships in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: We examined 178 renal transplant patients in this prospective observational cohort study. We measured CAC with multidetector spiral computed tomography using the Agatston score at multiple time points. Overall, 411 scans were performed in 178 patients over an average 12.8 years follow-up. The clinical endpoint was a composite including all-cause death and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Data analysis was performed by the joint model. RESULTS: During a follow-up of 12.8 ± 2.4 years, coronary calcification progressed over time (P < 0.001) and the clinical endpoint occurred in 54 patients. In the analysis by the joint model, both the baseline CAC score and the CAC score progression were strongly associated with the incidence rate of the composite event [hazard ratio 1.261 (95% confidence interval 1.119-1.420), P = 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: CAC at baseline and coronary calcification progression robustly predict the risk of death and cardiovascular events in renal transplant recipients. These findings support the hypothesis that the link between the calcifying arteriopathy of renal transplant patients and clinical end points in these patients is causal in nature.

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on mood status: A comparison of hemodialysis and oncology patients.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus related lockdown measures had a severe psychological toll. We investigated the effects of population-wide infection control measures on hemodialysis (HD) and oncology patients' mood statuses. METHODS: An electronic survey was used to collect data. We used the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to measure the mood statuses. RESULTS: The study groups composed of 400 HD, 234 oncology patients, and 276 controls. HADS anxiety and total POMS scores were significantly higher in the control group than that of both HD and oncology patients, a finding consistent with a worse mood status. In multivariate models, the male gender and the perception of having received appropriate medical support during the pandemic period were independent predictors of better POMS and HADS-anxiety and depression scores. CONCLUSION: HD and oncology patients appear to be less affected by the psychological stress induced by social distancing and lockdown periods.

Blood Pressure Variability in Fabry Disease Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Fabry disease is a rare metabolic, multisystemic, and X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. The involvement of the autonomic nervous system is well defined; however, data on the variability of the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate in Fabry disease are largely missing. In this study, we aimed to examine the circadian variations of BP and heart rate variability in Fabry disease patients. METHODS: We recruited 31 consecutive adult (age >18 years) Fabry disease patients (16 males and 15 females) who were regularly followed up in our outpatient clinic between July 2019 and March 2020. We performed ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography in all patients. We used standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability as the measures of variability. We constructed 2 control groups for propensity score matching using age, sex, and eGFR parameters in the first group and adding antihypertensive drug use to the above parameters in the second group. RESULTS: All BP measurements were significantly lower in the FD group compared to that of the control groups, except the nighttime systolic BP. Regarding nondipping and reverse dipping statuses, FD patients and controls were similar. We found that none of the BP variability measures were higher in FD patients. Regarding heart rate variability data, both the nighttime SD and CV were significantly lower in FD patients compared to those of the controls. CONCLUSION: A decrease in heart rate variability, rather than an increase in BP variability, might be an early marker of autonomic involvement in FD.

ANCA-associated vasculitis flare might be provoked by COVID-19 infection: a case report and a review of the literature.

Mesangial immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposition is the hallmark of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). In some cases, crescentic involvement that might be associated with systemic leucocytoclastic vasculitis is documented. In such cases, the disease is called Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis). Even more rarely, the coexistence of IgAN and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) seropositivity has been reported. IgAN might be complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI) due to different causes. Herein we present a patient with mesangial IgA deposition and ANCA seropositivity who developed AKI, haematuria and haemoptysis during the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and was diagnosed with ANCA-associated vasculitis based on clinical, laboratory and radiological findings. The patient was treated successfully with immunosuppressive therapy. We also made a systematic review of the literature to reveal and present the cases with COVID-19 and ANCA-associated vasculitis.

A comparison of antibody response in kidney transplant recipients and healthcare workers who had PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND: Data on antibody response following COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients is scarce. This crosssectional study aims to investigate the antibody response to COVID-19 among kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: We recruited 46 kidney transplant recipients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 and 45 recipients without COVID-19 history. We also constructed two control groups (COVID-19 positive and negative) from a historical cohort of healthcare workers. We used age and sex-based propensity score matching to select the eligible subjects to the control groups. We measured the SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels quantitatively using the Abbott ARCHITECT system. An antibody level above 1.4 S/C was defined as positivity. RESULTS: Transplant recipients with COVID-19 had a higher BMI, and COVID-19 history in a household member was more common than that of the transplant recipient without COVID-19. IgG seropositivity rate (69.6% vs. 78.3%, p = 0.238) and the median IgG level (3.28 [IQR: 0.80-5.85] vs. 4.59 [IQR: 1.61-6.06], p = 0.499) were similar in COVID-19-positive transplant recipients and controls. Kidney transplant recipients who had a longer duration between RT-PCR and antibody testing had lower antibody levels (r = -0.532, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: At the early post-COVID-19 period, kidney transplant recipients have a similar antibody response to controls. However, these patients' antibody levels and immunity should be closely monitored in the long term.

Artificial intelligence and kidney transplantation.

Artificial intelligence and its primary subfield, machine learning, have started to gain widespread use in medicine, including the field of kidney transplantation. We made a review of the literature that used artificial intelligence techniques in kidney transplantation. We located six main areas of kidney transplantation that artificial intelligence studies are focused on: Radiological evaluation of the allograft, pathological evaluation including molecular evaluation of the tissue, prediction of graft survival, optimizing the dose of immunosuppression, diagnosis of rejection, and prediction of early graft function. Machine learning techniques provide increased automation leading to faster evaluation and standardization, and show better performance compared to traditional statistical analysis. Artificial intelligence leads to improved computer-aided diagnostics and quantifiable personalized predictions that will improve personalized patient care.

Coronavirus Pandemic: Mood Statuses of Renal Transplant Recipients During Social Isolation and Lockdown Periods.

OBJECTIVES: In an attempt to control the new coronavirus pandemic, many countries have taken unprecedented measures, such as extensive social distancing and total lockdowns of cities. Kidney transplant recipients have an increased risk for infectious diseases, including viral infections. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of population-wide infection control measures on the mood statuses of kidney transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an electronic survey tool to collect demographic and sociocultural data. Additionally, in the same survey, we used 2 questionnaires (the Profile of Mood States and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) to measure mood statuses of kidney transplant recipients. We also examined a control group and selected eligible participants according to age- and sex-based propensity score matching. RESULTS: We analyzed the data of 308 participants: 154 kidney transplant recipients (mean age of 39.9 ± 10.6 years; 57.1% male) and 154 control participants (mean age of 39.1 ± 10.5; 57.1% male). With regard to the Profile of Mood States questionnaire, total scores and all subscale scores, excluding vigor, were significantly lower in kidney transplant recipients than in the control group, a finding consistent with a better mood status. We found similar findings in anxiety and depression scores for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney transplant recipients seem to be resilient to the psychological stress induced by social distancing and lockdown periods. Strict adherence to infection control measures is purposefully suggested in this infection-prone population.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services: A pan-European survey of diabetes specialist nurses undertaken by the Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes survey consortium.

AIM: To describe diabetes nurses' perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services across Europe. METHODS: An online survey developed using a rapid Delphi method. The survey was translated into 17 different languages and disseminated electronically in 27 countries via national diabetes nurse networks. RESULTS: Survey responses from 1829 diabetes nurses were included in the analysis. The responses indicated that 28% (n = 504) and 48% (n = 873) of diabetes nurses felt the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted 'a lot' on the physical and psychological risks of people with diabetes, respectively. The following clinical problems were identified as having increased 'a lot': anxiety 82% (n = 1486); diabetes distress 65% (n = 1189); depression 49% (n = 893); acute hyperglycaemia 39% (n = 710) and foot complications 18% (n = 323). Forty-seven percent (n = 771) of respondents identified that the level of care provided to people with diabetes had declined either extremely or quite severely. Self-management support, diabetes education and psychological support were rated by diabetes nurse respondents as having declined extremely or quite severely during the COVID-19 pandemic by 31% (n = 499), 63% (n = 1,027) and 34% (n = 551), respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings show that diabetes nurses across Europe have seen significant increases in both physical and psychological problems in their patient populations during COVID-19. The data also show that clinical diabetes services have been significantly disrupted. As the COVID-19 situation continues, we need to adapt care systems with some urgency to minimise the impact of the pandemic on the diabetes population.

Kidney function on admission predicts in-hospital mortality in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Recent data have suggested the presence of a reciprocal relationship between COVID-19 and kidney function. To date, most studies have focused on the effect of COVID-19 on kidney function, whereas data regarding kidney function on the COVID-19 prognosis is scarce. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the association between eGFR on admission and the mortality rate of COVID-19. METHODS: We recruited 336 adult consecutive patients (male: 57.1%, mean age: 55.0±16.0 years) that were hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 in a tertiary care university hospital. Data were collected from the electronic health records of the hospital. On admission, eGFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI formula. Acute kidney injury was defined according to the KDIGO criteria. Binary logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between eGFR on admission and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19. RESULTS: Baseline eGFR was under 60 mL/min/1.73m2 in 61 patients (18.2%). Acute kidney injury occurred in 29.2% of the patients. In-hospital mortality rate was calculated as 12.8%. Age-adjusted and multivariate logistic regression analysis (p: 0.005, odds ratio: 0.974, CI: 0.956-0.992) showed that baseline eGFR was independently associated with mortality. Additionally, age-adjusted Cox regression analysis revealed a higher mortality rate in patients with an eGFR under 60 mL/min/1.73m2. CONCLUSIONS: On admission eGFR seems to be a prognostic marker for mortality in patients with COVID-19. We recommend that eGFR be measured in all patients on admission and used as an additional tool for risk stratification. Close follow-up should be warranted in patients with a reduced eGFR.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of bis-chalcone derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors and anticancer agents.

In this study, a series of B-ring fluoro substituted bis-chalcone derivatives were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions and evaluated for their ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) and growth inhibitory activity against MCF-7 and Caco-2 human cancer cell lines, in vitro. According to the results obtained, the bis-chalcone with fluoro group at the 2 (4b) or 2,5-position (4g) of B-ring were found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. The effects of these compounds were about 7 fold higher than allopurinol. The binding modes of the bis-chalcone derivatives in the active site of xanthine oxidase were explained using molecular docking calculations. Also, compound 4g and 4h showed in vitro growth inhibitory activity against a panel of two human cancer cell lines 1.9 and 6.8 µM of IC50 values, respectively.

Determining type 2 diabetes risk factors for the adults: A community based study from Turkey.

AIMS: This study aimed to determine risk factors for type 2 diabetes among adults who were not diagnosed with diabetes. METHODS: Adults were included in this study within the public activities performed on World Diabetes Day (n=1872). Data were collected using the FINDRISC questionnaire and a short questionnaire. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 39.35±10.40. The mean FINDRISC score was 7.46±4.62, women's mean score was higher than that for men. The FINDRISC score indicates that 7.4% of the participants were in the highrisk group. Among participants, BMI value of 65.1% was 25kg/m2 and higher, waist circumference of 58% was over the threshold value; and 50.7% did not engage in sufficient physical activity. Of the participants, 9.5% had a history of high blood glucose, families of 38.9% had a history of diabetes. The mean FINDRISC score was in the slightly high category, 121 participants were found likely to be diagnosed with diabetes within ten years if no action was taken. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended the risk screening studies to be conducted and the FINDRISC tool to be used in Turkey, where diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly, to determine diabetes risks in the early period and to raise social awareness for diabetes.

Engaging nurses in smoking cessation: Challenges and opportunities in Turkey.

This paper discusses the training of nurses in smoking cessation as part of routine patient care in Turkey. Formative research was carried out prior to training to identify challenges faced by smokers when trying to quit. Site visits to government hospitals and cessation clinics were conducted to observe health care provider-patient interactions involving behavior change. Four culturally sensitive cessation training workshops for nurses (n = 54) were conducted in Istanbul. Following training, nurses were debriefed on their experiences delivering cessation advice. Challenges to cessation counseling included lack of time and incentives for nurse involvement; lack of skills to deliver information about the harm of smoking and benefits of quitting; the medicalization of cessation through the use of pharmaceuticals; and hospital policy which devalues time spent on cessation activities. The pay-for-performance model currently adopted in hospitals has de-incentivized doctor participation in cessation clinics. Nurses play an important role in smoking cessation in many countries. In Turkey, hospital policy will require change so that cessation counseling can become a routine part of nursing practice, incentives for providing cessation are put in place, and task sharing between nurses and doctors is clarified. Nurses and doctors need to receive training in both the systemic harms of smoking and cessation counseling skills. Opportunities, challenges and lessons learned are highlighted.

Sensitivity of FRAMINGHAM, PROCAM and SCORE models in Turkish people with Type 2 diabetes: comparison of three cardiovascular risk calculations.

PURPOSE: To determine the cardiovascular risk factors according to the Framingham, PROCAM and SCORE models, to evaluate the 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and to compare the suitability of different models in Turkish Type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: Risk factors and the 10-year CVD risk in 265 patients were evaluated using three risk models. Measurements included blood pressure, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and HbA1c were measured. Low-, moderate- and high-risk groups were determined according to the three risk calculations. RESULTS: Hypertension, obesity and no exercise, dyslipidemia and high HbA1c in women, and excessive cigarette/alcohol consumption, increased weight, dyslipidemia and high HbA1c in men were crucial. Men were in the moderate-risk group according to three risk models. Women were in the medium-risk group according to the Framingham and PROCAM risks and in the low-risk group according to the SCORE. CONCLUSION: Results estimating the 10-year CVD according to the three risk models were inconsistent. More sensitive CVD risk calculators are needed. Discussion and practice implications: Our results could guide diabetes specialists in identifying gender-specific risks and designing preventive interventions.